Background & Objectives: Working Memory (WM) plays a key role in learning and contributes to developing cognitive functioning. WM supports temporary storing and manipulating the required data for complex cognitive tasks, such as language comprehension, reasoning, and learning. Most studies indicated that children with INTELLECTUAL Disability (ID) poorly perform in most WM tasks, compared to their typicallydeveloping counterparts, regardless of the etiology of ID or Intelligence Quotient (IQ). Transcranial Direct Current STIMULATION (tDCS), as a noninvasive brain STIMULATION was represented to increment the cortical excitability in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) and improve WM. This is contrary to other brain STIMULATION approaches, normally involving the active triggering. WM training is especially important for children with ID. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of tDCS on WM in children aged 7 to 14 years with mild ID. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and a control group design. The statistical population included children in the age range of 7-14 years referring to Atieh clinic in Tehran City, Iran, in 2018. Among the clients, children whose IQ test scores were between 70 and 85 based on the results of the New Version of the Tehran-Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (TSBIS,Afrooz & Kamkari, 2006) were diagnosed with mild ID (borderline) and according to a clinical interview. In total, 32 eligible volunteers were selected as the study sample by convenience and purposive methods. In the process of conducting the research, 12 subjects stopped cooperating,eventually, the data of 20 individuals were analyzed (experiential group=15 & control group=15 subjects). The inclusion criteria included children aged 7-14 years, and the IQ test score to range between 70-85 based on the TSBIS. Any comorbid biopsychological disorders (epilepsy, autism, etc. ), drug use, head trauma, the presence of any foreign object in the head, like cerebral shunt, and the occurrence of any unwanted adverse effects, like headache during the meeting were among the exclusion criteria of the study. Only the experimental group received 5 consecutive sessions of tDCS in the DLPFC with an intensity of 1 mA for 30 minutes. At the end of the sessions, for both groups, the working memory subtest was re-performed based on the same test. Descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation as well as inferential statistical methods, such as Independent Samples t-test and univariate Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) were used to analyze the obtained data in SPSS and SmartPLS. A significance level of 0. 01 was used for all statistical tests. Results: The present study results suggested that after eliminating the pretest effects, the between-group difference was significant in the posttest,thus, tDCS increased WM performance in the intervention group, compared to the controls (p<0. 001). Furthermore, the obtained Eta coefficient (0. 56) highlighted the effects of the intervention. Conclusion: Based on the present research findings, tDCS impacts WM in children with mild ID (borderline).

Background and Objective: Balance in INTELLECTUAL disability individuals is very important due to the weakness in performing balance tasks. This study was performed to determine the effect of six weeks of vestibular STIMULATION exercises on the balance of children with mild INTELLECTUAL disability. Methods: In this clinical trial study, 30 INTELLECTUAL disability boys were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. Subjects in experimental group were receiving vestibular STIMULATION training for six weeks. No intervention was performed on the subjects in the control group. A single leg test was used to screen the subjects with a balance of weakness. To assessment the static, dynamic and functional Balance, the Bruninks Oseretsky test was used and a Timed Up and Go (TUG) was used, respectively. Results: After the end of the training period, static balance, dynamic balance and functional balance was significantly increased in experimental group compared to controls (P<0. 05). Conclusion: Six weeks of vestibular STIMULATION exercises have a positive effect on static, dynamic and functional balance in INTELLECTUAL disability boys.

Introduction: One of the most important areas of cognitive impairment in children with INTELLECTUAL disabilities is related to working memory. Transcranial direct current STIMULATION (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain STIMULATION that has been studied as a way to increase cortical excitability and enhance working memory. This research aimed to analyze the efficacy of tDCS on verbal working memory of children with borderline INTELLECTUAL functioning. Method: The research method was quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population was children who visited the Atieh clinic and were diagnosed with mild mental disability based on clinical interview and Tehran-Stanford-Binet IQ scale. Through convenience sampling, 30 people were collected from this population and were assigned randomly into experimental and control groups. The experimental group was provided 5 consecutive sessions of electrical STIMULATION in the Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex area with an intensity of 1 mA and a duration of 30 minutes. The data was analyzed using one-way ANCOVA. Results: results illustrated that the Transcranial direct current STIMULATION (tDCS) interventions have statistically meaningful positive effect on the verbal working memory of the children with borderline INTELLECTUAL functioning Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that both CBCT and ACT approaches can be used to improve the marital quality of non-clinical couples. Extended abstract Introduction Most children with mild mental retardation have IQ scores with 1 or 2 standard deviations below the mean and cannot compete with their other classmates due to poor learning ability, difficulty with abstract and conceptual understanding, limited range of general information and difficulty with understanding and generalization of the subjects in their lessons. These children are very slow in learning, forget things very quickly and have difficulty with recalling specific information (1). Although these children can learn a large part of general education, they are much slower in learning than normal children, and their deficiencies in certain areas of cognitive skills contribute to this delay. Three areas of the most important cognitive deficits in these children are related to attention (vigilance), working memory and generalization (1). Working memory is defined as the ability to actively maintain task-related information during a cognitive activity. It is necessary to have this memory to concentrate on a task, avoid distractions and get informed of environmental conditions. Low working memory capacity, especially in the verbal area of brain (Broca's area), can be a risk factor for progress in the early years of primary school (2). Due to the importance of working memory in human cognitive processes, the present study has extensively addressed teaching of this type of memory in the review of literature (3). Transcranial direct current STIMULATION (tDCS), is a non-invasive, painless brain STIMULATION treatment that has been extensively tested over the past decade. This is a non-invasive, inexpensive, and safe technique which changes cortical excitability by changing the resting potential of cortical nerve cells. It also uses direct and weak electrical currents in the cortical areas by connecting two electrodes with different poles and facilitates or inhibits spontaneous neural activity,in other words, it modulates neuronal activity (4). Material and methods This quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design study is carried out with a control group. The statistical population included children aged 7 to 14 years who referred to Atieh Clinic in Tehran for clinical evaluation and then were considered as children with mild mental retardation based on the clinical interview and the new version of the Tehran-Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (2006). 30 eligible children who volunteered to participate in the study, were selected by convenience sampling and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group were tested by tDCS in five consecutive sessions and after the sessions, both experimental and control groups were examined by the Tehran-Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale again. Data were analyzed by Univariate Analysis of Variance in SPSS software. Findings In total, 9 girls and 11 boys were divided into the experimental and control groups. The experimental group consisted of 5 girls (50%) and 5 boys (50%) and the control group consisted of 4 girls (40%) and 6 boys (60%). The results of independent t-test showed that the experimental and control groups in terms of age (p = 0. 448) and IQ (p = 0. 887) were not significantly different. On the other hand, after removing the pre-test effect, the result of Univariate Analysis of Variance on the mean scores of verbal working memory posttest in the experimental and control groups showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in the posttest (p <0. 001). Also, Eta coefficient (0. 55) showed the value of the effect of the intervention. Discussion The present study tries to evaluate the effectiveness of Transcranial direct current STIMULATION by connecting two electrodes to verbal working memory in children with mild mental retardation and the results showed that there was significant rate of change of verbal working memory level score before and after electrical STIMULATION. This means that five 30-minute sessions of anodic STIMULATION of the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) with a current of 1 mA improved the verbal working memory of the children. Conclusion This study is consistent with the previous studies and it can be said that anodic STIMULATION can affect the resting potential of nerve cell membranes (neuronal depolarization), change the neuronal resting time and reduce cell resting time and thus increase its excitability and firing rate. Brain imaging also shows that the STIMULATION of DLPFC region of the brain can increase dopamine secretion, and since dopamine is one of the major transporters in the memory process, it increases the surface excitability in the frontal cortex and the performance of verbal working memory (5). Ethical Considerations Compliance with ethical guidelines All subjects full fill the informed consent. Funding No funding. Authors' contributions Design and conceptualization: Nazi Ramezani Methodology and data analysis: Nazi Ramezani Supervision and final writing: Abolfazl Karami, Reza Rostami Conflicts of interest The authors declared no conflict of interest.

VNS indicationsEpilepsyVNS Therapy system is indicated for use as an adjunctive therapy in reducing the frequency of seizures in patients whose epileptic disorder is dominated by partial seizures (with or without secondary generalization) or generalized seizures that are refractory to antiepileptic medications.DepressionVNS Therapy is indicated for the adjunctive long-term treatment of chronic or recurrent depression who are experiencing a major depressive episode and have not had an adequate response to four or more antidepressant treatments.Mechanism of actionVNS definitely exerts an effect via the LC (norepinephrine) and the RN (serotonin)These mechanisms of action are similar to those of medications through pharmacologic pathwaysThe LC and RN/DRN have been conclusively identified as:Brain centers affected by VNS TherapyPlaying a role in suppressing seizuresAreas that must be intact for VNS Therapy to have an effectVNS Safety ProfileMore than 70,000 patients worldwide have been implanted with VNS TherapyNo known interactions with medicationsNo reported systemic neurotoxic effects, rash, renal impairment, or bone marrow suppressionNo increase in sudden, unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP)1Gestational outcomesAnimal study has shown no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to VNS Therapy2,3Pregnancies have gone to term with VNS4,5One of my challenging Cases which resulted in Vague Nerve STIMULATION (VNS) therapy53-year-old Right-handed gentleman with History of epilepsy since 1983 (due to being injured during war) in form of CPS and GTCsWe implanted VNS for the first time in Khatam-Al-Anbia hospital about three months ago for this patient.The frequency of the patient’s attacks has been decreased to about eighty percent till now.No significant side effects have been reported except for mild hoarseness.

The business environment changes caused to change in managers and researchers approach about leadership principles. They have to revise leadership traditional theories and developed new theory for leadership as “transformational leadership theory”. Transformational leader with charisma, idealized influence, inspirational motivation, INTELLECTUAL STIMULATION, and individualized consideration, emphasis on performance improvement, i.e. achieving and establishing market share, rate of sales, attract totally new customers, customer satisfaction. This article surveys the ‎relationship between transformational leadership and business performance in TPGC. The ‎method used is applied-description survey. The population comprised 67 managers. Data analysis was ‎conducted by frequency distribution, percentage, spearman ‎correlation and Multiple Regression test. According to ‎the research findings, there is signification a ‎relationship between transformational leadership ‎and business performances. Finally, ‎the article has presented ‎solutions to promote transformational leadership and business performance.

Background: S1 radiculopathy is a high prevalence illness and its early diagnosis is of crucial importance. Several reports have revealed the efficacy of magnetic STIMULATION in diagnosis of this condition. We conducted this study to compare MMEP latency and MMEP amplitude in patients with S1 radiculopathy and healthy controls in Shohadaye Tajreash Hospital in 2007.Materials and Methods: This historical cohort study investigated 31 patients with S1 radiculopathy (according to clinical history and physical examination) and 33 healthy controls. H-reflex, MMEP latency and MMEP amplitude were evaluated in both groups. Patients and controls were not informed about the type of study and performers were unaware of the participants condition. Results were analyzed using statistical tests.Results: There was not significant difference between cases and controls regarding age and sex. Mean MMEP latency was 15.23±2.47ms and 13.42±1.6ms in patients and controls, respectively (P<0.05) and mean MMEP amplitude was 0.55±0.53µv and 1.29±1.22µv in patients and controls, respectively (P<0.06). We found abnormal MMEP latency in 12.2% of controls and 48.4% of patients (P<0.005) and abnormal MMEP amplitude in 87.9% of controls and 100% of patients (P<0.06).Conclusion: MMEP latency seems to be efficient in diagnosis of S1 radiculopathy. A study with a precise diagnostic design is recommended.

In the field of knowledge-based knowledge, it is possible to make an INTELLECTUAL investment in order to be re-certified using special services, and we can be available to you and provide you with different companies and different companies. . Getting the power of management experts from the point of view of being able to have self-confidence and having a list of confidential quality and knowledge is a real factor in productivity and in short, an organization that can own on its own. He can use his financial resources to destroy himself. Encourage the founder to have an organized competitive advantage. international commitment of the company. . In this article, while defining the concepts and terms of INTELLECTUAL capital, the importance of measurement, theories of INTELLECTUAL capital, the method of measuring INTELLECTUAL capital is stated.